The Baby Coach Blog
 I probably see the same amount of toddlers for sleep troubles as I do babies. With toddlers there are lots of variables to consider surrounding sleep and where the underlying is. A few things to consider are...
Has the sleep issue come on suddenly- were they previously sleeping through? Or have they always been a bit up and down with sleep? When a sleep issue has a sudden onset and they had been sleeping well previously it is important to think about what might be going on in their little lives. If they are at daycare/ nanny/ childminder -are they settled? Have these people noticed any behavioural changes? Have you moved house? Are they mid-developmental leap? Have there been any other changes? Any change in a toddlers life generally comes out in their sleep and attitude towards this. Is the issue mostly bedtime resistance (and they sleep well thereafter) or multiple night wakings? Or both? With bedtime resistance it’s important to review their daytime routine and make sure that they are having age appropriate naps, OR no nap at all... some toddlers need an hour at 2-2.5yrs of age and some don’t! They all have individual sleep needs so if bedtime resistance plays a big part in your toddlers compliance with sleep, then have a look at reducing or ridding the daytime nap. Most children under 2yrs of age still need a lunch nap. If your child is over 2yrs of age and doesn't need their daytime sleep it is really important for them to have some kind of 'chill-out' time. They still need to decompress and have a break- as we all do! This can be anything from reading, making a jigsaw, drawing/ colouring in, or as simple as sitting on the sofa watching some age-appropriate tv. It doesn't matter too much what they are doing as long as it is a quiet activity and mostly involves them staying still! If your toddler is waking through the night they might well have a bit of a disrupted sleep rhythm either due to association (habit formation) or genuine anxiety surrounding the bedroom and perhaps what they might be going through emotionally/ developmentally. I always have a red night light on when sleep training toddlers as this doesn’t disrupt natural melatonin production and helps them make sense of their surroundings lessening any bedroom anx. A red night light will not inhibit natural melatonin production like any other colour would. Blue/ white/ green/ yellow and so on are short-wave light which will in effect tell the brain to stay awake and quash any melatonin that is being produced. A really simple but effective activity you can do with your toddler is to make a predictable step by step bedtime chart which will act as a great visual aid that you can refer back to during the actual bedtime wind-down. Getting your child involved in making this chart is key! Taking a photo of them for each step, so this might be - Bath, Pj’s, teeth & wee’s, stories in the bedroom, and then tucked up asleep with their favourite comforter. Showing a child with a picture journey makes it far easier for them to comprehend than talking them through the bedtime routine. You can let them stick the pictures to the chart, put stickers on it, glitter- whatever you fancy! As long as they have been a part of this process and you talk them through the bedtime routine as you are making it!
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 In just under two-week’s time on the 31st March 01:00am (which falls the night you go to bed on Saturday 30th), we lose an hour’s sleep but in return we are given an hour’s extra light in the evening! Spring is most definitely in the air and Summer will be just around the corner (but PLEASE less heatwave this year!)
In terms of sleep for your little one this will mean they will be going to bed when it is light outside and the mornings too will be super light in another month or so down the line which can cause early rising. A vital part of sleep training which I cannot stress enough is the importance of a dark bedroom environment. This will be somewhat compromised once the clocks change especially for toddlers and older children who have been used to going to bed when it is actually dark outside. Keeping the bedroom dark for naps and night time ‘sets’ the internal body clock and helps regulate our sleep-wake rhythm. As darkness and light set the body clock it gives children (and us!) the ‘hormonal imperative’ to sleep. In simple terms, darkness helps trigger the release of melatonin -our sleep hormone and will suppress cortisol- our awake hormone, helping to regulate our body clock. The first thing to say if you are worried about the upcoming clock change is, don’t be! It is a one-hour difference and even if you adjust your baby or toddler post clock change it is unlikely to pose a massive problem to ongoing sleep. If you currently have a more relaxed routine for your child and their naps, feeds and bedtime are not set to as schedule then the clock change won’t make a big difference overall and preparation for the change is not strictly necessary. For babies on a schedule it would be best to start your adjustment a few days before the clock change. These are the steps to follow…
Tips Moving Forward... As I mentioned, the light evenings may cause some bedtime resistance in children and confusion for babies as it will still be light outside. So, if you were thinking of getting a blackout blind now would most definitely be the time! The type of darkness we are after for a baby is pitch black (99%) for them to keep producing melatonin sufficiently. If your child is 2yrs or over I always suggest a red night light to alleviate any anxiety surrounding the dark. Red light doesn’t inhibit natural melatonin production as white, blue, yellow etc. lights do. During and after the clock change keep your bedtime routine super water-tight and make sure your baby or toddler is in lower lighting from around 6pm to have a smooth bedtime transition. Try not to compensate due to your knowledge that the clocks have changed if you are faced with some residual bedtime resistance post clock change. Keep to your timings and everything else will follow suit shortly. Consistency is key!  When is my child ready? So, this is the most common question I am asked. Children generally start potty training when they get to around 2.5-3yrs of age. Girls seem be to slightly quicker than boys. In years gone by we used to potty train children from when they quite little- from around 18 months of age, however it was a long and drawn out process due to lack of understanding from the child, so the advice was to potty train when they are ready/older, thus the process will be quicker and more age-appropriate. You WILL know when your child is ready, there will all sorts of signs so trust your instinct on this one as well.
Are They Ready - • Do you find their nappies are dry for a longer time during the day? • Can they follow simple instructions? • Can they dress themselves- pulling up trousers/ tights etc.? • Do they tell you they have done a wee or poo in their nappy and come to find you? • Are they relieved to be changed, rather than resisting as when they were a baby? • Are they visibly uncomfortable with a wet/ soiled nappy? • Do they hide when doing a poo? What You’ll Need- • Pants! Lots and lots of pants… If you think you have enough, buy some more! • A cupboard of ready to wear socks and trousers • A potty for home (nothing too low/ near the ground) so it is comfortable for sitting. • A travel potty – The Potette is great • A child’s toilet seat to go on the adult toilet seat eventually • Flushable wipes (Kandoo for example) • Napisan (for washing) • Spray Cleaner & Kitchen Roll • Children’s magazines & Stickers (as rewards) • Sticker charts or pasta collecting jars for ‘wee-wee’ rewards (painting the pasta shells different colours and sprinkling glitter on them makes them more valuable!) • PATIENCE! Tonnes of it • Praise your toddler when they do their first wee or poo! A wee-wee dance/ song- anything goes! • Reward them! Something sustainable until they get used to potty training- stickers, pasta shells, magazines. Chocolate and sweets can work but are not sustainableand children will often let out a succession of little wee’sonce they catch on they get a chocolate button each time! The clever little rascals! • Do keep positive throughout this process- it will get better • Do keep your toddler company on the potty for a while, they can feel very exposed in the first week. This process is completely new to them • Do use ‘night-night’ pants- Pull-ups with stars/moon, this is so they can differentiate why we use pull ups at night. • Don’t pressure your child into sitting on the potty and do not restrain them if they want to leave the potty. You can gently suggest they stay on the potty or give them a book or sit next to them and read to them. • Don’t have them sitting on the potty for more than 15 minutes at a time • Don’t punish them for wetting themselves or forgetting to tell you. When you clean up just say ‘That’s ok, doesn’t matter, try and tell Mummy/ Daddy next time’ and then get on with whatever you were doing before. • Don’t make wincing faces or say anything when cleaning up poo or wee. We don’t want to make them feel it’s unpleasant- we need them to poo and not hold it in! This can start now when changing nappies – even if they do a particularly stinky nappy don’t show your distain at the changing table. • Don’t feel any pressure yourself- all children are different and will potty train in their own time. This isn’t a reflection on their intelligence or capabilities • Don’t restrict fluid intake. Be mindful they will need to wee more if they drink more… so perhaps offer the potty a little more often • Don’t expect them to do poo’s on the potty for the first few days, this comes in time  Once your little one is old enough they will transfer from the confines of their cot to a toddler bed. This will happen at around 2.5-3yrs of age -any earlier than this is not ideal. At around 2yrs old they are not yet old enough to understand WHY they have to stay in their bed. The entire process can become rather overwhelming to them and actually create a sleep issue which wasn’t there previously. Saying this, I have known children who are absolutely fine sleeping in their bed at just turned 2yrs of age- however this is the exception rather than the rule.
Transitioning to a bed can be a really exciting and positive experience for your toddler but equally they can also become anxious when presented with the reality of this. If you think about it, they have known nothing but the safe sleeping space of their cot their entire lives where the option to leave the bed hasn’t yet existed! Not only will your toddler have the freedom to leave the bed as they choose but we also take away the security that they have known up until this point. What we want to aim for, is a toddler who creates a positive association with their new bed from day one. When you decide the time is right, explain to your toddler that they are going to have a ‘big boy’ or ‘big girl’ bed like you. You will first need to purchase a child's pillow, duvet and duvet cover. Before the next stage you can read your toddler some books about cot to bed transition, talk about the process over breakfast and perhaps even watch some YouTube videos of children happily going into their beds. Children are very visual and understand a concept through play with far better clarity than just telling them- so some role play with teddies/ dolls would be ideal. You can include your toddler in the choosing of the duvet cover as well, we want to build their confidence during the cot to bed transition so giving them some choice and a little control over the process is fine. They will stay in their cot with all the sides intact whilst you introduce their duvet for one week, with their regular sleeping bag on for the first three days. This is just to get them used to the concept of a duvet in their sleep space. Keep their sleeping bag off from night 4, they will then remain in the cot with their pillow and duvet for the remaining four nights. At first they are unable to keep a duvet covering them all night as we are able to do -but they will get better at this. A further three days later you will remove a side from the cot every two days, making sure to replace the long sides with bed guards to keep them feeling secure.  In short, the answer is 'Yes!'... If you’ve looked into sleep training before and/or you are looking to get your bubba into a routine, you may have noticed or been told how vital it is for your baby to sleep in a dark room. Darkness and light set our body clock- the circadian rhythm.
We set babies and toddlers out on a schedule of 7am-7pm because the sleep hormone melatonin peaks at 7pm (in line with baby’s bedtime) and cortisol peaks at 7am (when they wake). During the daytime we are all ‘high’ on cortisol with a few natural dips during the course of the day. For a baby to recognise daytime nap times, not only are routine and some clever sleep cues in the lead up to nap important (the practical element of sleep training) but it is also really vital for a baby or toddler to have the hormonal imperative to sleep at these nap times- darkness at nap times will help pump out melatonin during the lighter daytime napping hours and aid them in their process of falling asleep. It takes about 8 minutes of being in the dark for the eye to be receptive and tell the brain to start releasing melatonin. The body is very clever and will remember this for the next day and get ready to release this wonder hormone at the same times 24hrs later! This is how routine starts to ‘kick in’ the the body remembers what it did the day before. A dark room creates a comforting womb like environment for a baby, they will prefer this dark sleep space. Babies have no theory upon which to base any fear of the dark...Toddlers however, are a different story! I ALWAYS recommend a red night light for them in their dark room, red light does not disrupt natural melatonin production as a white/blue /yellow/green light does. Happy sleeping!  Clock Change Now that we are fully into Autumn it is time to start thinking about the imminent clock change. Although this is the good clock change for us (we get an extra hour in bed- yay!) needless to say for the bubba it doesn’t work the same way. This can be a daunting prospect if you’ve worked super hard to get your little one into a routine or have in fact been following my Sleeping Bunnies Baby Coach routines. If you have been following my routines your 7am waking baby by the clock change will be a 6am waking baby, likewise a 6am waking baby will most likely be a 5am waking baby- oh the dread! However, there are a few little tips and tricks to keep you on track in the lead up to make sure your little one adjusts accordingly. Babies are far more adaptable than we give them credit for and we also have the dark evenings on our side so this will be our greatest advantage into keeping the body’s melatonin nice high in preparation for bedtime. •From the morning of Thursday 25th October push out all naps, feeds, meal times and bedtime by 15 minutes. Our aim here is that each day in the lead up to the clock change you move your routine out so that by Sunday 28th Oct baby will be fully adjusted -sounds simple right!? •This means if you are on a 7am-7pm routine on Thursday 25th October bedtime would be 7.15pm, Friday 26th- 7.30pm, Saturday 27th- 7.45pm and Sunday 28th we’d be back on track for a 7pm bedtime which would have previously been 8pm -as the clocks go back at 2am on October 28th (basically, whilst we are sleeping on the Saturday night). So from Sunday baby will be fully adjusted and their usual 7pm bedtime and wake time will be in line with the new clocks. •There are a few different methods for older babies and toddlers and my preference for 18 months and over is simply splitting the hour into three 20 minute segments so you complete the clock change adjustment three days prior rather than four. With an older toddler/ child, splitting one hour over two days is sufficient (30 minutes per day x 2 days). If it all goes wrong with baby or toddler, never fear- it’s only one hour and can be caught up pretty quickly on the subsequent days. •As well as moving sleep times forward, we also have to adjust meal and feed times accordingly too- this will probably be trickier than moving sleep times out so be ready for a grouchy little human the first day! Feed and meal times also ‘set’ our body clock so making sure these are moved out too is important. •Make sure you keep to your schedule of daily activities – classes, park trips, playdates. We want baby to feel that there is nothing really that different. •Move bedtime routine up accordingly so that you have the same fluidity as you had previously with bedtime and wind down. So if bath was at 18.15 it will now be 18.30. •If baby is looking drowsy later in the afternoon it is really best to keep them awake. If they are under 7mths and need a 10/15 minutes power nap (maximum) then that is fine. However, if they are allowed to sleep longer than 15 minutes or past 3pm we would have alleviated more melatonin than necessary, and bedtime will be tricky. •There is nothing like a change of scenery for baby late afternoon when their patience starts to wear thin at home (us too!) So, if you observe that your little one is tired at 4.15/30pm a quick spin around the block in the late afternoon crispy air is advisable- making sure they don’t drop off to sleep if they do not routinely have a cat nap!  'Sleep Regression'... two words that are guaranteed to strike fear into the hearts of most parents! However, instead of seeing the word 'regression' make sure you see the word 'progression' as that is EXACTLY what this is. I'll start with the most infamous of all the progressions...
The Four-Month Regression You may have previously had a baby sleeping through the night with one or two wakings and a dream to lay down for their daytime naps up until this point- this frustrating process is more commonly referred to as the 4-month sleep regression. Whereas before your baby had fallen quite easily into a deeper sleep state and stayed asleep in previous months the sleep regression refers to the sleep cycle becoming mature, more like that of an adult -or older child. At 0-3mths your baby's sleep cycle would have been around 30 minutes in length, which would have looked like REM-DEEP SLEEP-REM. They would have dropped off to sleep nice and easily in your arms or in their moses basket and sleep was just sleep- simple! But not anymore... This means your 4 month old baby will now have distinct stages of sleep with a sleep cycle of around 45 minutes opposed to 30 minutes and they will now have to go through light/active sleep to enter deep sleep. This sometimes causes tears and grizzling as it is harder for a baby to fall asleep but much easier with practise, positive sleep cues, a predictable routine, and simplifying the approach to nap put down. The Eight-Month Regression This is less of a sleep regression, more of a cognitive leap. Sleep becomes affected because in simple terms baby is becoming more active and using more of their brain space to practise crawling, babbling, sitting up and standing at all sorts of hours during the day and the night. Baby will seemingly be in the wide-awake club in the middle of the night with no signs whatsoever that they are going back to sleep! Given time they will drift back and intervention here is usually unnecessary. Babies can be up randomly at night for anything from 20 minutes to 1hr at a time often anywhere between the hours of 1-5am when REM sleep is prevalent. I often have worried calls from Mums at around 2/3am saying 'I was fast asleep and just glanced at the monitor and he/she is sitting there just staring into space rocking side to side, what shall I do?!' This is completely normal, albeit it looks a bit eerie on the monitor! The answer is unless they are distressed leave them to it. If they are crawling round their cot happily or just sitting they will eventually go back to sleep on their own. Our presence here can sometimes be counterproductive and we can rouse them from a sleep they may go back into on their own. The 18- Month Regression & Toddler Sleep The 18 month regression is yet another developmental change and leap forwards. You may find when you put your 18 month old down to sleep at 7pm that they do not go to sleep like they used to in months gone by. You will find them 'downloading' the words they have spoken during the day, singing songs and re-playing scenes from the day! There is not much you can do here other than make sure that they safety see themselves to sleep. Don't fall into the trap of putting them to bed later. If you are concerned that they are having too much daytime sleep then this can be cut down to around 60-90 minutes (60 minutes being the minimum in an case and never past 3pm). Toddler sleep regressions are much more to do with any change in their little lives. This could be moving nursery classes, starting pre-school, having a new sibling, a change in family situation, moving house and so on. They can come on suddenly and out of nowhere. Very commonly this happens after a family holiday, for example....If your child spends a lot of their waking hours at nursery/with a nanny then their routine is really 'set', they know when they see you and compartmentalise their behaviour on Mummy & Daddy days and on Nursery/Nanny days. So, you all go on holiday you have that wonderful cherished time together but the flip side of this can be some separation anxiety when you are back at home. Toddlers can start to resist bedtime and start waking through the night having previously been great sleepers. If this happens on your arrival home it is really important to validate your child or toddlers feelings during the daytime and offer reassurance at night wakings but remembering to also leave at the end of this reassurance. Offering lots of love cuddles and praise during waking hours and keeping your bedtime routine really straight forward and calm is helpful. Leaving your toddler in their room to sleep post holiday on night one can often become upsetting for them, it is at this point we have to take care and nuture their emotional security. You may have to give them the benefit of the doubt and stay with them a little while longer (holding hands for example with no other interaction) whilst they drop off to sleep for a temporary period (I'm talking two or three nights) whilst they get back in the saddle. It is important this is short lived and brief so as not to create a long-term lingering bedtime!  Oxytocin
Oxytocin is commonly referred to as 'the happy hormone’. It plays a BIG part in the let-down reflex and is released from the posterior pituitary gland. Let-down reflex refers to the burning, tingling or cramping feeling you may experience before milk is able to be ejected from the nipple. Oxytocin is also responsible for the uterine contractions you may feel when breastfeeding. If you have had a very stressful and painful labour or are in lots of pain post birth with stitches or after a c-section for days and weeks after, this can also inhibit your supply of oxytocin. This can jeopardise the milk supply as let down reflex may not be stimulated adequately. Oxytocin is responsible for the contraction of the alveoli cells within the breast therefore letting them be able to release milk. Similarly, if you have had a traumatic labour with blood loss, you may be put on a Synto drip (synthetic oxytocin) and this may also interferer with the natural production of oxytocin in the long term and disrupt the let-down reflex. Prolactin Prolactin is the hormone responsible for the primary production of milk. Prolactin is released from the anterior pituitary gland. During lactogenisis stage one milk production is hormonally driven, so that the first milk (colostrum) is ready for the baby on arrival. This prolactin hormone starts to be released halfway into pregnancy, which is when you start to feel slight changes in the breast. Prolactin stays high if you are breastfeeding and if you stop the levels drop. Although in some women, even if they continue to breastfeed their prolactin levels can sometimes drop to the normal level again. Three to five days after the baby is born the breasts enter lactogenisis stage two, where the breasts become fuller with milk. When the baby is born the gut is full of meconium which needs to pass, which is why in lactogenisis stage one only a small amount of milk is produced as the baby needs to pass these stools before they start feeding on a more plentiful supply by days three to five. FIL- Feedback Inhibitor of Lactation FIL tells the breasts to stop producing milk in the event the breasts are full. Normally within the first couple of weeks you want to keep FIL low so that the breasts produce enough milk and meet the needs of the baby, this is done by feeding at regular intervals. However, with breasts that are too full, feedback inhibitor of lactation hormone is released and this tells the breasts to stop producing milk which may jeopardise supply. If the Mother does not feed regularly the breasts remain semi full and FIL remains in contact with the alveoli cells within the breast and therefore tells the breasts to keep milk supply to a minimum. Therefore we want to encourage an emptier breast after a feed to keep FIL low and keep supply of milk in demand.  Colic is defined as intense, frequent and inconsolable periods of crying. It is important to note that crying is a natural instinct to a baby and the following Dr Sears guidelines will help us establish whether your baby is a colicky baby or not, Dr Sears rule of 3’ are
1. Crying starts within the first few weeks of life? 2. Lasts at least three hours per day? 3. Happens at least three times per week? 4. Carries on for at least three weeks? Although there is no medical evidence for over the counter medications I believe ‘Colief’ works well. Theoretically it should work as it contains the enzyme lactase which is the enzyme that breaks down lactose which it thought to cause the pain of colic. Always seek advice from your GP before administering any product to your baby. Lactose is a disaccharide which means it’s a combo of two sugars joined together. Disaccharides are too large for our bodies to absorb so firstly they need to be broken down into glucose and galactose which are monosaccharides (single chain sugars). This is done by lactase (our digestive enzyme), so with a lactose intolerance life can become very tricky for a baby, especially a baby where it goes undiagnosed. Lactose that cannot be broken down and digested draws unnecessary fluid to the bowel by osmosis which results in many watery stooled nappies with a green hue. Additionally, bacteria in the bowel ferment the undigested lactose and produce gas excessively. All of this extra work the body of an infant is doing to simply digest milk deprives them of energy and metal wellbeing for other pursuits and they can become tired, withdrawn and lose weight as the body uses its own fat as fuel as they cannot absorb adequate calories from feeds and have disproportionate calories leaving the body in the way of soiled nappies. Infacol is another over the counter remedy that works quite well with colicky babies, essentially gathering up all the tiny little wind bubbles and creating one big bubble so baby can burp easily. It is also worth researching whether your baby may have something other than colic. Advice from your GP is always advised before administering any product to your baby, even if it is an over the counter med. There could be a number of issues that cause colic these include: 1. Secondary Lactose Intolerance. This is a damaged gut lining, it is temporary and can heal. Probiotics can be useful as this usually follows a bout of gastrointestinal upset such as gastroenteritis/ tummy upset. Once the inflammation of the small intestine has gone the calls that produce lactase return to normal and thus baby is able to digest lactose again. 2. Lactose Overload or Functional Lactase Insufficiency. Usually an unsettled baby with large amounts of weight gain. Frequent wet nappies and explosive green soiled nappies. Usually characteristic of Mothers with an oversupply or hungry bottle fed babies. Mothers feed frequently as they have an upset baby and don’t realise that the lactose overload is the cause so feeding frequently makes the situation worse (as breastmilk contains lactose). Babies have a natural instinct to suck until around 3-4 months and cannot self-regulate so the standard advice to feed on demand can sometimes be detrimental in these cases. Feeding management should be looked at and can usually be resolved in 24hrs following the help of a lactation consultant. 3. Sensory Overload- Exactly what it says on the tin. An environment so stimulating baby can’t settle. Look at bringing audio and visual stimulation down and bring things back to basics 4. Anterior/ Posterior Tongue-Tie- Affects the suck/ swallow breathing flow mechanism of feeding babies and they end up taking in too much air causing wind. Tongue tie can usually be dealt with by your Midwife or Doctor with a simple snip. Babies who have tongue tie experience latching difficulties and are frequently upset whilst feeding so as well as having colic pain due to the excess wind the source needs to be found – e.g.- The tongue tie 5. Reflux – Possibly a cow’s milk protein allergy. Mother can eliminate dairy from her diet or if formula feeding introduce a hydrolysed protein formula such as Neocate or Nutramigen. Very useful to keep a food diary and note down when baby is upset in relation to what Mother has previously eaten and drank.  Sleep
Why is it important for babies to have so much sleep and why is it beneficial? Babies use sleep to organise their brains. When babies sleep well they have a better and more responsive immune system, mental wellbeing and energy levels are increased, growth hormones are released, cortisol/ stress levels are reduced, memory is reinforced, appetite regulates itself (hormones such as leptin work in harmony), new skills are processed and energy levels are revived during deeper phases of sleep. Babies are born with millions of neurons that are not yet connected. When a baby attains restorative sleep and only when they fall into this state of deep and dream sleep do these neurons fire up and make the relevant connections to link the left brain and the right brain via the cerebral cortex. If babies do not sleep enough and turn into toddlers who don’t sleep enough they are more at risk of developing behavioural type disorders such as ADHD. Sleep and diet account for a massive array of behavioural issues in young children sadly. Babies are born with 25% of a developed ‘adult’ brain and as they get older the connections mentioned above are made. By two years of age they have 75% of their adult brain. This ONLY happens when they sleep hence why getting baby into a routine is so important. Young babies enter sleep differently- REM- Deep Sleep- REM. Rapid eye movement sleep counts for 50% of total sleep vs 20-25% of adults. They spend so much time developing from 0-3 months that it is no wonder they spend so much of their time in developmental REM sleep! Once babies get to 3-4 months old the sleep cycle starts to evolve (commonly referred to as the 4-month sleep regression) to become more similar to that of an adult. They now have to move through light/ active sleep in order to get into deeper sleep. This often comes as a shock to parents who previously had a baby who could fall asleep relatively easily! Working through this with routine implementation is the way forward. |
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